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[(re)19.7(nd)20.8(er)13.9(in)20.7(g)-513.7(t)0(h)20.7(e)-520.6(ca)18.5(us)21(al)-504.6(re)14(la)19.6(ti)20.6(on)20.8(sh)21(ip)-509.2(be)19.7(tw)19.8(ee)18.5(n)-513.7(h)0(e)13.9(a)0(l)19.5(t)0(h)-503.4(b)0(e)19.7(h)0(a)19.7(v)0(i)14.9(o)0(r)]TJ
T*
[(an)19.7(d)-450.4(f)0(u)15.1(t)0(u)20.7(r)0(e)-441.1(c)0(o)19.7(n)0(s)21(e)0(q)19.7(u)0(e)13.9(n)0(c)19.7(e)0(s)-440.9(a)0(b)19.7(s)0(t)20.9(r)0(a)14(c)0(t)-441.2(a)0(n)19.7(d)-450.4(di)20.7(f)21(cu)13.9(lt)-440.2(fo)20.9(r)-450.3(c)0(h)19.7(i)0(l)20.6(d)0(r)15.1(e)0(n)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(to)-278.8(pe)13.9(rc)19.7(ei)19.5(ve)19.7(.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(Second,)-352(children)-351.2(are)-351.2(able)-352.4(to)-347.9(experience)-356.8(health)-349(outcomes)]TJ
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[(vicariously)-412(through)-416.7(the)-407.8(virtual)-412.4(pet.)-411.2(While)-412.4(Bandura)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 270.9354 543.2313 Tm
(9)Tj
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(stipu-)Tj
-22.0078 -1.1174 TD
[(lates)-480.2(that)-478.1(the)-476.9(vicarious)-478.8(experience)-483.5(from)-472.1(observing)-483.3(others)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(increases)-261.9(ones)-259.9(condence)-262.1(in)-261.5(engaging)-258.9(in)-255.8(the)-258(same)-261.2(behavior)]TJ
T*
[(\(i.e.,)-228()50.8(If)-222.1(she)-228.9(can)-224.5(do)-221.1(it,)-224.8(so)-226.6(can)-224.5(I)49.7(\),)-224.4(he)-228(also)-224.4(notes)-225.5(its)-228(limitations)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(by)-232.6(claiming)-237.4(that)-230.5(it)-232.8(is)-232.5(a)-232.6(less)-235.7(dependable)-234.7(source)-239.1(of)-232.6(information)]TJ
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[(about)-329.3(ones)-329(capabilities)-335.1(than)-334(personal)-327.8(experiences)-334.6(are.)-331.6(Vir-)]TJ
T*
[(tual)-432(worlds)-433.6(may)-431.9(overcome)-434(this)-436.4(shortcoming)-435(by)-428.4(providing)]TJ
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[(vicarious)-283(experiences)-282.8(amplied)-283.2(by)-278.7(sensory-rich)-285.9(information)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(that)-339.9(closely)-344.2(mimic)-343.5(personal)-345.1(experiences.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 226.148 455.5274 Tm
(10,11)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 246.1606 451.1621 Tm
[(In)-336.2(the)-344.4(current)]TJ
-18.7075 -1.1116 TD
[(study,)-533(children)-535.5(vicariously)-533(experienced)-536.4(the)-534.5(future)-532(health)]TJ
T*
[(consequences)-393(of)-382.3(F&V)-385.4(consumption)-383.2(by)-382.3(exam)-8(ining)-380.1(the)-384.7(car-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(diovascular)-246(health)-245.3(of)-244.1(the)-246.5(virtual)-245.4(pet.)-244.2(In)-244.1(addition)-240.8(to)-244.2(observing)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(the)-436.6(health)-435.4(of)-434.1(the)-436.6(virtual)-435.4(pets)-438.5(heart)-434.2(and)-436.4(major)-434.2(artery,)-438.7(the)]TJ
T*
[(children)-333.9(used)-333.7(an)-325.9(interactive)-339.8(force-feedback)-333.3(devic)-8(e)-330.6(t)0(o)-330.6(touch)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(and)-304(feel)-300.6(the)-304.1(pets)-300.3(internal)-305.2(organs)-301.3(vividly.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(Thus,)-653.9(the)-655.4(combination)-655.4(of)-658.8(these)-652.9(two)-655.1(affordancesin)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(addition)-482.7(to)-480.4(the)-482.6(social)-481.3(cognitive)-484.9(elements)-485.9(of)-480.2(goal)-478(setting,)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(evaluation,)-507.9(and)-499.8(reinforcementis)-508.5(likely)-503.5(to)-503.4(wield)-503.1(greater)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(inuence)-352.1(on)-347.8(F&V)-350.8(consumption)-354.4(than)-345.5(not)-349(having)-353.5(the)-350.2(virtual)]TJ
T*
[(pet)-223.5(elements,)-224.4(or)-215.3(not)-222.3(having)-221(an)-222.2(intervention)-223.4(at)-216.6(all.)-221.3(The)-224.5(current)]TJ
T*
[(study)-535.3(compared)-543.4(the)-534.5(virtual)-539.1(pet)-540.2(in)-532.2(promoting)-541.3(F&V)-535.1(con-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(sumption)-303.9(against)-303.8(a)-301.8(computer)-300.5(system)-302.5(that)-299.6(offere)-8.8(d)-294.8(equivalent)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(goal)-305.2(setting,)-306.2(evaluation,)-306.3(and)-304(reinforcement)-308.4(features,)-309.4(as)-302.7(well)]TJ
T*
[(as)-302.7(a)-301.8(control)-302.8(condition,)-302.9(with)-299.3(the)-298.3(follow)-7.7(ing)-297.2(hypothesis:)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
8.7511 0 0 8.7511 70.9795 265.3795 Tm
[(H1:)-387.8(The)-388.6(virtual)-384.1(pet)-384.8(system)-388.6(will)-382.5(be)-387.4(more)-390.3(effective)-390.3(in)-384.9(pro-)]TJ
0 -1.0236 TD
[(moting)-168.9(F&V)-173.7(consumption)-162.2(compared)-172.7(with)-169.6(\(H1A\))-166.1(a)-173.7(computer)]TJ
0 -1.0301 TD
[(system)-265.5(with)-260.3(equivalent)-264.8(features)-261.6(but)-266.8(without)-261.7(the)-261.7(virtual)-261(pet,)]TJ
0 -1.0236 TD
[(and)-456.1(\(H1B\))-451.3(a)-452.3(baseline)-455(condition)-452.7(without)-456.1(exposure)-452.2(to)-456.2(any)]TJ
T*
(interventions.)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 62.022 204.4913 Tm
[(Inuence)-334.5(of)-330.4(extrinsic)-335.8(goals)-338.5(on)-331.3(food)-332.9(preference)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 72 188.0503 Tm
[(Promoting)-316.5(food)-321.2(consumption)-319.8(presents)-316.1(some)-323.4(unique)-313.2(chal-)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(lenges.)-352.1(In)-353.5(particular,)-352.3(when)-352(children)-351.2(are)-356.9(given)-346.6(extrinsic,)-355.7(ra-)]TJ
T*
[(ther)-495.2(than)-501(intrinsic,)-498.6(goals)-496.2(for)-492.8(F&V)-500.6(consumption,)-496.1(wherein)]TJ
T*
[(F&V)-327.8(intake)-326(is)-330.4(described)-330.1(as)-325.7(a)-324.8(means)-331.4(to)-324.9(achieve)-329.3(a)-324.8(goal)-328.2(\(i.e.,)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(becoming)-444.5(healthy\))-449.1(rather)-441(than)-443.4(something)-444.4(naturally)-450.3(enjoy-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(able,)-402(the)-402(F&V)-396.9(item)-404.5(is)-399.6(considered)-400.3(less)-402.7(preferable.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 265.096 137.6504 Tm
(1215)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 287.4897 133.285 Tm
(For)Tj
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[(example,)-269.4(when)-271.4(children)-270.5(were)-266.8(told)-269.6(that)-265(crackers)-272.4(would)-271.5(make)]TJ
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[(them)-317.9(healthy,)-319(they)-322.5(ate)-316.8(fewer)-319.7(and)-315.5(thought)-319(the)-321.4(crackers)-318.5(were)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(less)-299(tasty)-300.5(compared)-301.5(with)-299.3(children)-299.3(who)-297.9(were)-301.3(given)-294.8(the)-298.3(same)]TJ
T*
[(crackers)-255.1(without)-250.9(an)-245.3(extrinsic)-254.3(goal.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 197.6881 93.8268 Tm
(14)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 207.5527 89.4614 Tm
[(Similarly,)-252.2(children)-247.5(may)]TJ
-14.7852 -1.1174 TD
[(initially)-207.7(increase)-209.2(their)-208.5(F&V)-206.8(consumption)-210.4(to)-203.9(meet)-209.7(an)-205(extrinsic)]TJ
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[(goal)-213(\(e.g.,)-210.6(rewards\),)-216.7(but)-210.8(fail)-207.4(to)-215.4(continue)-213(the)-206.2(health)-216.5(behavior)-212.8(if)]TJ
T*
[(their)-231.5(prefer)-8.8(ence)-232.5(for)-233.6(F&V)-229.9(decreases.)-237.6(Thus,)-233.5(measuring)-238(change)]TJ
25.504 67.9242 TD
[(in)-267.3(F&V)-264.4(preferences)-271.1(may)-264.9(be)-268.3(important)-266.1(in)-261.5(forecasting)-269(longer-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(term)-306.4(success)-304.4(of)-301.7(interventions.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
(Bandura)Tj
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 356.4849 707.5841 Tm
(6)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 363.4582 703.2188 Tm
[(contends)-333.6(that)-334.1(intrinsic)-339.7(motivation)-330.7(is)-336.2(a)-330.6(function)]TJ
-5.1204 -1.1116 TD
[(of)-347.7(self-efcacy)-347(\(i.e.,)-348.9(perceived)-348.7(condence)-348.5(in)-342.1(engaging)-345.3(in)-342.2(a)]TJ
T*
[(behav)-7.8(ior\))-309.7(and)-315.5(the)-315.6(ability)-314.7(to)-313.4(evaluate)-319(ones)-317.5(abilities.)-315.6(Further)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(resear)-9.8(ch)-314.4(has)-315.3(demonstrated)-317.5(that)-316.9(engaging)-322.3(in)-313.4(mental)-315.7(imagery)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(is)-238.3(helpful)-239.5(in)-232.7(the)-235(process)-240(of)-238.3(assessing)-236.2(ones)-236.8(level)-238.5(of)-238.3(perceived)]TJ
T*
[(condence)-348.5(and)-338.5(actual)-338.7(abilities.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 437.6125 652.8187 Tm
(16)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 448.3842 648.4534 Tm
[(Then,)-338.5(the)-338.7(vivid,)-337.5(vicarious)]TJ
-13.7484 -1.1174 TD
[(experience)-11.2(s)-467.4(o)0(f)-462.9(observing)-471.8(and)-471(feeling)-465.3(the)-471.1(effects)-471.8(of)-468.7(F&V)]TJ
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[(consumption)-446.6(on)-445.7(the)-442.3(virtual)-447(pet)-442.3(may)-443.4(be)-446.9(more)-444.5(effective)-446.7(in)]TJ
T*
[(promoting)-259(intrinsic)-259(motivations)-256.7(than)-259.1(mentally)-254.7(imagining)-260.4(the)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(same.)-316.5(These)-308.3(interactive)-316.8(features)-311.7(that)-311.1(drive)-312(intrinsic)-310.9(motiva-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(tions)-426(to)-422.8(consume)-420(F&V)-425.7(may)-420.4(offset)-422.3(the)-425.1(negative)-421.5(effects)-425.8(of)]TJ
T*
[(extrinsic)-237(goals)-231.2(\(i.e.,)-228(helping)-233.8(the)-229.2(virtual)-228.1(pet)-229.2(become)-236(healthier\))]TJ
T*
[(on)-301.7(food)-303.9(preference:)]TJ
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1.0137 -2.229 TD
[(RQ1:)-265.5(How)-259(will)-259.3(the)-263.6(virtual)-262.3(pet)-263.8(system)-263.3(affect)-262.4(F&V)-260(prefer-)]TJ
2.4824 -1.1116 TD
[(ences)-331.2(compared)-340.5(with)-333.8(the)-332.7(other)-334.7(conditions)-334.6(that)-332.8(do)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(not)-250.9(present)-251.5(extrinsic)-254(goals)-253.1(of)-249.8(F&V)-248.5(consumption?)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
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[(The)-310.9(original)-315.6(virtual)-308.7(pet)-309.9(designed)-316.3(to)-307.6(promote)-309.7(physical)-316.5(ac-)]TJ
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[(tivity)-502.5(was)-506.2(created)-507.8(as)-498.5(a)-503.4(kiosk)-500.8(built)-501.2(with)-500.9(consumer)-507.5(grade)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(elect)-9.3(ronics.)]TJ
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(4)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 367.9936 484.0439 Tm
[(Following)-598.5(the)-597.8(guidance)-599.9(of)-595.4(the)-597.8(virtual)-596.7(pet,)]TJ
-5.5812 -1.1116 TD
[(children)-397.3(interacting)-402(with)-391.4(the)-396.3(virtual)-395.1(pet)-390.5(could)-398.5(set)-390.3(physical)]TJ
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[(activity)-581.9(goals,)-580.2(have)-576.9(the)-580.6(virtual)-579.4(pet)-574.8(evaluate)-583.9(the)-574.8(childs)]TJ
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[(physic)-7.7(al)-314.5(activity)-322.7(data)-323.6(from)-316.6(an)-320.1(activity)-322.7(monitor,)-323.6(and)-315.5(receive)]TJ
T*
[(reinfo)-7.8(rcement)-323.6(in)-319.1(the)-327.1(form)-322.3(of)-318.9(teaching)-323.6(the)-327.1(virtual)-320.3(pet)-321.4(tricks.)]TJ
T*
[(Children)-593(in)-584.1(the)-586.3(comparison)-590.4(condition)-587.4(interacted)-592(with)-587.3(a)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(computer)-358.1(system)-354.3(that)-351.4(included)-351.2(the)-355.9(same)-353.3(goal-setting,)-353.3(eval-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(uating,)-316.7(and)-321.2(reinforcing)-314.1(features,)-320.9(but)-314.5(without)-320(the)-315.6(virtual)-314.5(pet.)]TJ
T*
[(Results)-343.8(indicated)-342.1(that)-339.9(children)-339.7(who)-344(interacted)-338.6(with)-339.6(the)-344.4(vir-)]TJ
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[(compared)-399.4(with)-397.2(children)-403(who)-395.8(interacted)-401.9(with)-391.4(the)-402(computer)]TJ
T*
[(system)-308.2(lacking)-298.3(the)-304.1(virtual)-303(pet.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(However,)-234.1(scholars)-235.5(recognize)-239.3(that)-230.5(obesity)-233.6(is)-232.5(a)-232.6(multifaceted)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(issue,)-217.2(and)-211.8(several)-212.7(existing)-217.5(studies)-210.3(have)-214.1(used)-212.7(multicomponent)]TJ
T*
[(interventio)-9.2(ns)-341.8(to)-336.4(maximize)-349.1(health)-343.3(behavior)-345.3(change.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 517.4361 334.9983 Tm
(17,18)Tj
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(Ac-)Tj
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[(cordingly,)-239.4(this)-234.9(study)-230.1(extended)-237.1(earlier)-236(efforts)-239.1(by)-232.6(developing)-232.5(a)]TJ
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[(virtual)-268.4(pet)-263.8(to)-261.5(promote)-263.6(F&V)-264.4(consumption)-268(to)-261.5(complement)-270.7(the)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(earlier)-506.7(virtual)-498.8(pet)-499.9(system)-498.3(developed)-503.1(to)-497.7(promote)-499.8(physical)]TJ
T*
(activity.)Tj
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8.9663 0 0 8.9663 313.0582 264.8692 Tm
(Methods)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0 -1.8336 TD
[(Participants)-340.2(and)-329.4(design)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 323.0361 231.9873 Tm
[(A)-301.5(sample)-298.1(of)-301.7(68)-295.9(children)-299.4(\(32)-302.8(male\))-297.1(between)-306(the)-298.3(ages)-300.3(of)-295.9(7)]TJ
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[(and)-234.9(13)-226.8(years)-232.2(\()]TJ
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5.5869 0 TD
(M)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 376.2708 219.4015 Tm
(age)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 388.233 221.0456 Tm
(=)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.72 0 TD
[(10)-226.8(years,)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
3.8187 0 TD
(SD)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
1.3881 0 TD
(=)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
.72 0 TD
[(1.29)-225.6(years\))-233.3(was)-235.5(recruited)]TJ
-14.2841 -1.1174 TD
[(from)-374.2(a)-370.9(camp)-376.6(in)-370.9(the)-373.2(Southeast.)-372.7(To)-372(minimize)-376.9(potential)-375.6(con-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(tamination)-521.9(across)-515.4(experimental)-520.6(conditions,)-516.9(children)-518.2(were)]TJ
T*
[(randomly)-310.8(assigned)-310.4(to)-307.6(three)-307.4(cabins,)-311.8(and)-304(each)-313.2(cabin)-307.5(was)-310.4(ran-)]TJ
T*
[(domly)-525.2(assigned)-523.5(to)-520.7(one)-522.8(of)-520.5(the)-523(three)-520.5(experimental)-526.3(condi-)]TJ
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[(tionsvirtu)-7.8(al)-285.7(dog,)-283.2(computer)-288.9(only,)-284.4(and)-286.7(baselineto)-293.4(test)-287.9(the)]TJ
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[(efcacy)-352(of)-347.7(the)-344.4(virtual)-343.3(pet)-350.2(in)-342.1(promoting)-345.4(F&V)-350.8(consumption.)]TJ
T*
[(Children)-293.5(in)-284.5(each)-284.4(cabin)-290.2(moved)-284.4(as)-291.2(a)-284.5(single)-284.3(unit,)-290.3(and)-280.9(different)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(cabin)-8(s)-692.1(had)-695.6(different)-692.1(time)-698.2(schedules)-698.6(\(i.e.,)-694.5(meal)-693.5(times\))]TJ
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[(throug)-6.7(hout)-298.3(the)-298.3(day.)]TJ
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[(Children)-408.7(in)-399.7(the)-407.8(virtual)-400.9(dog)-406.5(condition)-403.1(\()]TJ
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16.1905 0 TD
(n)Tj
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(=)Tj
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[(25\))-406.4(interacted)]TJ
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[(with)-420.2(a)-417(virtual)-418.2(pet,)-417(designed)-420(to)-417(look)-419.2(like)-414.8(a)-417(mid-sized)-422.4(dog,)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(throug)-6.7(h)-168.1(a)-175.1(desktop)-170.1(computer)-173.7(equipped)-178.3(with)-172.6(the)-171.6(Novint)-174.8(Falcon,)]TJ
T*
[(a)-278.7(force-feedback)-281.5(joystick)-280.9(that)-276.5(allowed)-281.9(children)-276.3(to)-278.8(touch)-277.5(and)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(feel)-306.3(virtual)-303(objects.)-301.5(Each)-301.7(child)-306.4(was)-298.9(given)-306.3(a)-301.8(radio-frequency)]TJ
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[(identicati)-10.3(on)-365.1(\(RFID\))-371.1(card.)-373(When)-370.7(the)-367.5(child)-369.8(approached)-378.5(the)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 62.022 749.6502 Tm
(88)Tj
48.952 0 TD
[(AHN)-330.9(ET)-338.7(AL.)]TJ
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